Sailing the X.0 Wave Theory: Navigating the Future of Civilization

3.1. Revolutions in X.0 Wave Theory

The X.0 Wave/Tomorrow Age Theory posits that human history can be segmented into distinct waves, each characterized by significant technological advancements transforming human interaction and societal organization. The theory currently identifies several key revolutions: See Figure 4.

Figure 4: Revolutions at the X.0 Wave/Age (1.0 ≤ X.0 ≤ 5.0).

Figure 4 illustrates the revolutions of the X.0 Wave Theory, highlighting key shifts in human history that have reshaped societies and technologies. These revolutions span from the Cognition Revolution to the anticipated Second Business and Economics Revolution (2020–2030). Below is a breakdown of each of the revolutions mentioned in the figure.

3.1.1. Cognition Revolution (500,000 to 70,000 BCE)

• Overview: The Cognition Revolution marks the first development of human intelligence and the emergence of modern humans (Homo sapiens) from earlier species. This revolution is fundamental as it allowed human beings to dominate the Earth, eventually leading to the control of other species and ecosystems.
• Key Features:

o Early humans developed the cognitive abilities to create tools, form complex social structures, and adapt to diverse environments.

o The ability to think abstractly, plan, and communicate enhanced survival and cooperation, marking the emergence of early human societies.

o Different species of humans (e.g., Neanderthals, Homo habilis) coexisted during this period but were eventually overshadowed by Homo sapiens due to superior cognitive capabilities.

3.1.2. Agriculture Revolution (13,000 to 10,000 BCE)

• Overview: The Agricultural Revolution marks the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled agricultural societies. This revolution led to the establishment of villages, cities, and early civilizations, enabling humans to control food production and expand their territorial reach.
• Key Features:

o Humans began domesticating animals and cultivating plants, leading to stable food sources.

o The surplus food allowed for population growth and the creation of permanent settlements.

o This period saw the rise of the first organized societies, including early forms of government, trade, and complex cultural practices.

o It laid the groundwork for the development of social hierarchies and technological advancements.

3.1.3. Scientific Revolution (500 Years Ago)

• Overview: The Scientific Revolution fundamentally changed human understanding of the world by developing scientific methods and rational thought. This revolution gave humans the power to manipulate the natural world unprecedentedly.
• Key Features:

o The Scientific Revolution enabled humans to harness nature’s forces, leading to advancements in medicine, engineering, and agriculture.

o Humans gained the ability not only to dominate and control the environment but also to reshape and redesign it according to their needs and desires. This revolution laid the intellectual foundation for the Industrial Revolution.

3.1.4. Industrial Revolution (Beginning 300 Years Ago)

The Industrial Revolution began around 300 years ago during the Scientific Revolution and can be divided into two distinct phases:

First Industrial Age (Approximately 1760 to 1840)

• Overview: This phase marked the advent of steam power, mechanization, and the rise of factories, which dramatically transformed economies and societies.
• Key Features:

o Urbanization accelerated as people moved to cities to work in factories, leading to significant social and economic changes.

o Mass production led to cheaper goods and the rise of consumer economies.

Second Industrial Age (Late 19th Century)

• Overview: This phase introduced innovations like electricity, steel production, and mass production techniques like the assembly line, further advancing industrial capabilities.
• Key Features:

o Electricity powered factories and homes, leading to technological innovations in industries such as telecommunications and transportation.Mass production techniques like the assembly line reduced costs, increased efficiency, and made goods widely accessible.

o This revolution laid the groundwork for modern economies and global trade networks.

3.1.5. Business and Economics Revolution (Last 100 Years)

This revolution focuses on transforming business and economic systems that have been reshaping societies over the past century. It includes two key phases:

First Business and Economics Revolution (Early 20th Century)

• Overview: This phase was characterized by the rise of large-scale enterprises, scientific management, and mass production, significantly boosting productivity and economic growth.
• Key Features:

o The development of corporate structures and management techniques increased efficiency and the ability to manage complex enterprises.

o The advent of large corporations and industries fostered national and international economies.

Second Business and Economics Revolution (2020–2030)

• Overview: The ongoing revolution, aligned with the X.0 Wave Theory, focuses on the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, digitalization, and biotechnology. This revolution is expected to create interconnected, innovative, and adaptive businesses and economies.
• Key Features:

o Businesses are expected to leverage cutting-edge technologies to improve operations, enhance productivity, and create new business models.

o A significant aspect of this revolution is the 7PS Model, which includes Cultural, Environmental, Social, Economic, Technical, Educational, and Political aspects, with an emphasis on sustainability and human well-being. See Figure 2 and Figure 3.

o The values of PEACE and LOVE are seen as essential in underpinning the pillars of this revolution, promoting a more holistic approach to business and economics. See Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 4 outlines a series of revolutions that have defined human history and society, each marked by profound technological advancements that have reshaped the way humans live, interact, and govern. From the Cognition Revolution to the ongoing Second Business and Economics Revolution, these milestones represent critical turning points in the evolution of human civilization. The future of the X.0 Wave Theory posits that we are entering a transformative age where advanced technologies will continue to disrupt and innovate, leading to new social, economic, and environmental paradigms.

Figure 5: The X.0 Wave/Age Theory; revolutions, ages, society, industries, technologies, and SMEs (1.0 ≤ X.0 ≤ 5.0).

Figure 5 illustrates the comprehensive X.0 Wave/Age Theory, which explores the evolution of human society, industries, technologies, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) across different waves or ages. The figure covers a spectrum from the early stages of human civilization to the anticipated future, breaking down each period by revolutions, societal shifts, technological advancements, and the role of SMEs.

Below is a detailed explanation of Figure 5, highlighting the main waves/ages, their corresponding revolutions, societal transformations, technological progress, and the growing importance of SMEs in each period:

(1) X.0 = 1.0: Cognition & Agrarian Age (1.0)

Time Period: 500,000 BCE to 70,000 BCE

• Revolutions: Cognition Revolution and Agriculture Revolution.
• Society: Early humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural societies.
• Industries: The Agriculture Revolution laid the foundation for the first industries centered around food production and early trade.
• Technologies: Tools for hunting and food gathering evolved, eventually leading to the domestication of animals and cultivation of crops.
• SMEs: While SMEs did not exist in the modern sense, early forms of small-scale agricultural enterprises emerged as human societies shifted to farming and food production.

(2) X.0 = 2.0: Industrial Age (2.0)

Time Period: 17th to 18th Century

• Revolutions: Scientific Revolution and Industrial Revolution.
• Society: This age marked the rapid shift from agrarian societies to industrialized urban centers. The advent of mechanization and the rise of factories reshaped societal structures, creating urbanized societies with new labor dynamics.
• Industries: The industrial sector exploded with new factories, innovations in manufacturing, and large-scale production, particularly in textiles, iron, and coal mining.
• Technologies: Key technological advances such as the steam engine and the mechanization of production powered the rise of factories and mass production.
• SMEs: As industries grew, small-scale enterprises also emerged, particularly in the form of family-owned workshops and artisanal production. These small businesses were often at the heart of local economies, even as larger corporations and industries began to dominate.

(3) X.0 = 3.0: Information Age/Post-Industrial Age (3.0)

Time Period: 20th Century (1960s–1970s) and Beyond

• Revolutions: Information Revolution and Digital Revolution.
• Society: The 20th century shifted to knowledge-based societies with greater global interconnection. The advent of the Internet, computers, and digital technologies transformed communication, education, and global commerce. The focus was increasingly on information exchange, intellectual property, and service industries.
• Industries: The rise of information technology (IT) led to the creation of the IT sector, telecommunications, software development, and the globalization of business processes. Automation also began to impact traditional manufacturing industries.
• Technologies: The development of personal computers, the Internet, and microprocessors sparked innovations that changed how people worked, communicated, and engaged in commerce. Innovations like the World Wide Web (1990s) facilitated the growth of e-commerce and online business models.
• SMEs: The Information Age enabled the rise of many new types of small businesses, particularly in the tech space, such as software startups, e-commerce platforms, and service-based industries. SMEs in this period grew rapidly through digital channels and benefited from the ease of global communication and digital marketing.

(4) X.0 = 4.0: Intelligence Age (4.0)

Time Period: Emerging currently (21st Century)

• Revolutions: AI Revolution, Biotechnology, and Digitalization.
• Society: The AI Revolution and advances in biotechnology and virtual reality are leading to profound societal shifts. A growing convergence between human biology and technology is pushing towards more interconnected, digital, and intelligent societies.
• Industries: AI, biotechnology, robotics, and Industry 4.0 technologies are reshaping industries such as healthcare, automotive, manufacturing, and finance. Industries increasingly rely on big data, automation, and AI-driven decision-making to improve productivity and efficiency.
• Technologies: Artificial intelligence is the cornerstone of this revolution, along with the expansion of biotechnology (e.g., genetic engineering, gene therapies) and Industry 4.0 technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) and smart manufacturing. These technologies are enabling more efficient, data-driven, and automated business operations.
• SMEs: In the Intelligence Age, SMEs have increasingly relied on cutting-edge technologies to remain competitive. AI and automation help small businesses optimize operations and scale rapidly. Moreover, SMEs in fintech, biotech, and digital services are at the forefront of technological advancements.

(5) X.0 = 5.0: Human Age (5.0)

Time Period: 2020–2030 (Hypothesized Future)

• Revolutions: Integration of Technology and Biology, Future of Work, and Sustainability.
• Society: The Human Age focuses on the integration of advanced technologies with human biology, such as brain-machine interfaces, biotechnology, and genetic engineering. This age will likely see dramatic advancements in healthcare, human performance, and the broader ethical considerations related to technology.
• Industries: New industries will emerge centered around the Human-Machine Interface, biotechnologies, and environmental sustainability. Industries like personalized medicine, biotech-enhanced agriculture, and clean energy technologies will gain prominence.
• Technologies: The merging of digital technologies with human biology will give rise to breakthrough innovations in healthcare, AI-assisted medical treatments, advanced robotics, and personalized learning. The goal will be to use technology to enhance human potential and address global challenges like climate change, aging populations, and sustainable development.
• SMEs: SMEs in this phase will play a crucial role in biotech innovations, health tech, and sustainability-driven businesses. Small businesses will increasingly focus on niche markets that prioritize human well-being, sustainability, and technological integration.

Explanation of SME 5.0 and SME X.0 in SME Development (Figure 5):

The SME 5.0 and SME X.0 concepts illustrate the progression of SMEs through different stages of development, adapting to societal, technological, and sustainability needs.

SME 5.0: The Human-Centric Approach

Key Features:

• Enhanced Collaboration
• Sustainability and Ethics
• Tailored Solutions

SME X.0: The Next Evolution

Building on SMEs concept, SME X.0 envisions a more holistic model, incorporating the 7PS Framework—culture, environment, social, economy, technology, education, and politics—enhanced by the core values of peace and love for global harmony.

Key Features:

• Comprehensive Sustainability
• Adaptability and Agility
• Core Values

(6) X.0 = 6.0 and 6.0 ≤ X.0: Transhuman Age (X.0)

Time Period: Hypothetical Future

• Revolutions: Radical Human Augmentation and Space Exploration.
• Society: The Transhuman Age will see the fusion of technology and human biology at an unprecedented scale, including possibilities like human immortality, mind uploading, and deep space exploration. This age could push the boundaries of human life as we know it.
• Industries: Space travel, advanced biotechnology, nanotechnology, and human augmentation will dominate. Industries that focus on post-human society and longevity could become leading sectors.
• Technologies: Nanotechnology, genetic engineering, neural interfaces, and artificial superintelligence could define this era. Technology could enable new forms of life and existence, potentially leading to human-like robots and virtual societies.
• SMEs: In the Transhuman Age, SMEs may be at the forefront of breakthrough technologies. Small businesses in bioengineering, AI-driven healthcare, and space tech could drive some of the most radical shifts in human civilization.

Figure 5 illustrates the continuous evolution of human societies, industries, and technologies through various transformative waves/ages, from the Cognition & Agrarian Age to the potential Transhuman Age. The X.0 Wave Theory encapsulates how each stage builds upon previous technological, societal, and economic shifts, while also recognizing the evolving role of SMEs in driving innovation and change throughout different periods. This comprehensive framework underscores the profound impact of technology and small businesses on shaping the future of humanity.

3.2. The Waves/Ages of Civilization

The X.0 Wave/Age Theory proposes that human history can be divided into distinct waves or ages of civilization, each characterized by significant technological advancements that fundamentally change the way people live and interact with each other and their environment. The theory emphasizes the importance of innovation and technological progress in shaping human history while also acknowledging the new challenges and risks that each wave/age brings.

This framework, denoted as f(x) where X represents different stages (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.), and outlines the evolution of human civilization through these transformative waves, each bringing about profound changes in how societies function and interact.

The X.0 Wave/Age Theory posits that human history can be segmented into distinct waves, each characterized by significant technological advancements that transform human interaction and societal organization. The theory currently identifies several key waves:

(The X.0 wave/age theory, f(x), when X = 1,2,3,4,5,6, …).

(1) X.0 = 1.0/Cognition & Agrarian Age (1.0): Beginning around 500,000 to 70,000 BCE, this age saw the transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture, leading to the development of early civilizations [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. See Figure 6.

Key Points of Figure 6:

1. Time Period: 500,000 to 70,000 BCE

This period represents the early phases of human development, where significant biological and cognitive changes occurred, setting the stage for the more complex societal and technological developments that followed.

2. Characteristics of the Cognition & Agrarian Age:

• Pre-Wave Period:

o Development of human intelligence.

o Emergence of different species of humans (e.g., Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis).

• Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture:

One of the most significant shifts during this period was the transition from a nomadic, hunting-gathering lifestyle to settled agricultural practices. This change marked the beginning of a more sedentary existence, allowing human populations to form stable communities and, eventually, early civilizations. This agricultural revolution is the foundation of human societies.

3. Transformative Shifts in Human Societies:

• Early Civilizations, Villages, and Cities:

With the advent of agriculture, humans could establish permanent settlements. These settlements, which eventually grew into villages and early cities, became the building blocks for more complex societal structures.

o Communities began to form around agricultural productivity, leading to the rise of social hierarchies and trade systems.

o The ability to cultivate crops and domesticate animals enabled surplus food production, leading to population growth and the division of labor.

Development of Social Structures:

As humans became more organized in villages and towns, early forms of government, religious systems, and trade networks began to emerge.

Key Technological and Societal Developments:

1. Emergence of Different Human Species:

• Homo sapiens eventually emerged as the dominant human species, outcompeting other hominins like Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and Homo erectus.

2. Cognitive Revolution:

• Tool-making and Cognitive Advancements: This period also marked significant advancements in tool-making, as early humans developed tools that improved their ability to hunt, gather, and eventually farm. These tools laid the foundation for future technological advancements and allowed humans to manipulate their environment to suit their needs.

3. The Agricultural Revolution:

• The development of agriculture was one of the most pivotal moments in human history. Early humans transitioned from relying solely on wild food sources to actively cultivating crops and domesticating animals. This shift enabled humans to establish settled agricultural societies, which was a precursor to the growth of more complex civilizations.

Figure Representation:

In Figure 6, the Histomap of the X.0 Wave/Tomorrow Age Theory visually highlights the timeline of these transformations. The map likely shows the gradual development of human intelligence and the shift to agricultural societies, marking the pre-wave period and highlighting the beginning of permanent settlements and civilizations.

The figure may also include markers for significant developments in:

• Biological evolution: Early species and cognitive shifts.
• Technological innovations: Tool-making, fire use, and agricultural techniques.
• Societal changes: Formation of villages, cities, and basic governance structures.

Figure 6 serves as a visual timeline of the Cognition & Agrarian Age (X.0 = 1.0), focusing on the foundational shifts in human society from pre-human cognitive evolution through the emergence of agriculture and the formation of early settlements. This age marks the first major turning point in human history, laying the foundation for the development of complex societies, industries, and technologies in subsequent ages. The diagram encapsulates the interplay between biological evolution, technological progress, and societal transformations that set the stage for the subsequent ages of human development.

(2) X.0 = 2.0/Industrial Age (2.0): Spanning the 17th–18th centuries, marked by steam power, mechanization, and the rise of factories, which revolutionized mass production and urbanization [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. See Figure 7.

• Time Period: 17th–18th centuries
• Characteristics:

1. Marked by steam power, mechanization, and the rise of factories.

2. Revolutionized mass production and urbanization.

3. Revolutionizing production and commerce.

Figure 7: Histomap of the X.0 Wave/Tomorrow Age Theory (X.0 = 2.0—Industrial Age).

Figure 7 represents the Industrial Age (X.0 = 2.0), which spans from the 17th to 18th centuries, and further breaks down into the First and Second Industrial Revolutions. This figure likely offers a visual mapping of the key technological and societal shifts during the Industrial Age, highlighting the pivotal role that steam power, mechanization, and factories played in transforming human civilization.

Key Characteristics of X.0 = 2.0 (Industrial Age):

1. Steam Power and Mechanization:

• Introduction of Steam Power: The Industrial Age began with the introduction of steam engines, which significantly changed the way goods were produced and transported. Steam engines powered everything from factory machinery to steamships and trains, enabling the rapid movement of goods and people over long distances.
• Mechanization: The rise of mechanical tools and machinery to replace manual labor led to the mass production of goods. This mechanization improved efficiency, reduced costs, and allowed for the large-scale manufacturing of products like textiles, iron, and later steel.

2. Rise of Factories:

• Factories became the central hubs of production, leading to the development of urban centers. The factory system organized workers, resources, and machines under one roof, allowing for specialized tasks and economies of scale that significantly increased productivity.

3. Revolutionizing Mass Production and Urbanization:

• The combination of steam power, mechanization, and factories led to the mass production of goods. Items that once took weeks to produce by hand were now made in bulk at much faster rates.
• This revolution led to rapid urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of factory jobs. Cities expanded quickly, and the rise of industrial economies gave birth to a new social order, with workers, factory owners, and entrepreneurs forming the backbone of the economy.

Subdivisions of the Industrial Age:

X.0 = 2.1—First Industrial Revolution (1760–1840):

• Time Period: The First Industrial Revolution occurred roughly from 1760 to 1840, marking a period of intense technological and economic change.
• Key Developments:

o Mechanization: The development of machinery for industries like textiles and iron led to the replacement of manual labor with machine-driven production.

o Growth of Factories: The factory system emerged, centralizing production in urban areas and creating a new class of industrial workers.

o Economic Growth: The First Industrial Revolution laid the groundwork for rapid economic expansion, with increases in manufacturing and output.

X.0 = 2.2—Second Industrial Revolution (Late 19th Century):

• Time Period: The Second Industrial Revolution began in the late 19th century and continued into the early 20th century.
• Key Developments:

o Electricity and Steel Production: The introduction of electricity powered new forms of industrial machinery and lighting, while innovations in steel production enabled the building of stronger, more durable infrastructures, like bridges and skyscrapers.

o Chemical Industry: The rise of the chemical industry brought about significant advancements in manufacturing, including the production of synthetic materials, pharmaceuticals, and fertilizers.

o Mass Production and the Assembly Line: The late 19th century saw the emergence of mass production techniques, especially with the introduction of the assembly line by figures like Henry Ford. This system greatly enhanced production speed and efficiency, making goods available at much lower prices.

o Further Urbanization: The expansion of factories and industries led to more rapid urbanization, with people flocking to cities in search of work. The new industrial cities became hubs of innovation and commerce.

Histomap Representation in Figure 7:

• Figure 7 likely maps out the First and Second Industrial Revolutions with clear visual markers, providing a timeline of the technological advancements and the social changes that occurred from the 17th century through to 1870.
• It may show the development of key industries, such as textiles, iron, steel, and chemicals, as well as the geographic spread of industrialization across Europe, the Americas, and later to other parts of the world.
• The expansion of transportation networks (railroads, steamships) and the creation of new cities are likely highlighted, showing how industry transformed not just economies but entire societies.

Figure 7 illustrates the Industrial Age (X.0 = 2.0), breaking it down into two significant phases: the First Industrial Revolution (1760–1840) and the Second Industrial Revolution (late 19th century). This diagram emphasizes how steam power, mechanization, and factories fundamentally reshaped human societies through technological progress, mass production, and urbanization. It demonstrates how these changes laid the groundwork for the modern industrial economy and created the foundation for the technological advancements that followed in later ages.

(3) X.0 = 3.0/Information Age/Post Industrial Age (3.0): Emerging in the 20th century, characterized by the digital revolution, computers, and the internet, transforming communication and information sharing [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,43,44]. See Figure 8.

• Time Period: 20th century (1969–1970)
• Characteristics:

1. Before 1970, businesses held significant sway over technologies, particularly Information Technology (IT). However, after 1970, technologies, especially IT, gained the upper hand, exerting influence, dominance, and control over businesses, economies, and even human life and civilization.

2. This marked a profound shift in the power dynamics, where technological advancements became pivotal drivers shaping various aspects of society, commerce, and human existence.

3. Globalization and the digital revolution.

4. Characterized by the digital revolution, computers, and the internet.

5. Transformation of communication and information sharing.

6. Rise of knowledge-based industries and the globalization of the economy.

7. ARPANET (1969): Creation by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a key development, leading to the birth of the modern internet and revolutionizing global communication.

Figure 8: X.0 = 3.0/Information Age/Post-Industrial Age (3.0).

Figure 8 represents the Information Age (also known as the Post-Industrial Age) under the X.0 = 3.0 framework, a transformative period that began in the 20th century and was marked by the rise of digital technologies, such as computers, the internet, and the digital revolution. This figure highlights how the advent of new information technologies radically shifted the way societies function, economies operate, and individuals communicate.

Key Characteristics of X.0 = 3.0 (Information Age/Post-Industrial Age):

1. Shift in Power Dynamics (Before and After 1970):

• Before 1970, businesses were the primary drivers of technological advancements, particularly in fields like Information Technology (IT). Corporations and industries controlled the development and use of technologies, leveraging them to enhance productivity and profitability.
• After 1970, however, a profound shift occurred, where technologies, especially information technology, began to exert significant influence over businesses, economies, and human life. This shift meant that technology was no longer just a tool for businesses to use but instead became a powerful driver of societal and economic change, with technology influencing and shaping the development of industries, economies, and even culture.

2. Globalization and the Digital Revolution:

• The Information Age is closely associated with the digital revolution, where computers and information technology became the backbone of the global economy. This led to the globalization of trade, commerce, and communication, as new digital platforms enabled instantaneous communication and data exchange across the globe.
• Technologies like computers and the internet have made it easier for businesses to operate across borders, connect with international markets, and collaborate globally. This era also witnessed the rise of global supply chains, where goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed across international boundaries, significantly changing the global economic landscape.

3. Transformation of Communication and Information Sharing:

• One of the most profound aspects of the Information Age was communication transformation. With the widespread adoption of computers, email, and eventually the internet, the way people interacted with each other and shared information changed dramatically.
• The internet and the advent of digital communication platforms (e.g., email, instant messaging, social media) revolutionized how people connected, making communication faster, more efficient, and accessible globally. The ability to share information instantly across vast distances marked a huge leap from the slower, traditional forms of communication such as postal mail and telephones.

4. Rise of Knowledge-Based Industries:

• As information technologies advanced, the global economy shifted from being primarily industrial and manufacturing-based to one centered around knowledge-based industries. These industries focus on producing and distributing information, ideas, and intellectual property rather than physical goods.
• Knowledge work—such as software development, digital marketing, data analysis, and content creation—became central to the economy. This shift led to the growth of new sectors like the tech industry, finance, education, and consulting, all of which heavily rely on digital tools and information technologies to function.

5. ARPANET and the Birth of the Modern Internet:

• ARPANET, developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1969, is one of the most significant milestones in the creation of the internet. Originally designed as a military communications network, ARPANET connected computers across universities and research institutions, facilitating data sharing and research.
• The development of ARPANET and subsequent advancements in computer networking laid the foundation for the modern internet, which began to take shape in the 1970s and 1980s. By the 1990s, the World Wide Web (WWW) emerged, turning the internet into a global communication and information-sharing platform. This development has since revolutionized how we access and share knowledge, conduct business, and interact socially.
• Figure 8 maps out the key elements of the Information Age/Post-Industrial Age (X.0 = 3.0), highlighting the shift in power dynamics from businesses controlling technology to technology itself becoming the driving force in society. The rise of computers, the internet, and the digital revolution transformed how information was shared and communicated, leading to the globalization of economies and societies.
• The birth of ARPANET and the eventual development of the internet laid the groundwork for the information-centric global economy, where knowledge-based industries became dominant.

The Information Age, or Post-Industrial Age, marks the transition to an era where technology not only serves businesses but also fundamentally reshapes human interaction, commerce, and society as a whole.

(4) X.0 = 4.0/Intelligence Age (4.0): Defined by the widespread adoption of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and digitalization, fundamentally altering all aspects of life and work [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. See Figure 8.

• Time Period: Emerging currently
• Characteristics:

1. Characterized by artificial intelligence (AI), biotechnology, and virtual reality. (VR), transforming industries and daily life, and the Future of Work

2. Widespread adoption of AI, VR, Industry 4.0, Society 5.0, biotechnology, and digitalization.

3. Fundamental alteration of all aspects of life and work.

4. Integration of advanced technologies into various sectors of the economy.

Figure 8: X.0 = 4.0/Intelligence Age (4.0).

Figure 8 outlines the Intelligence Age (X.0 = 4.0), the next transformative phase in human history. Currently emerging, this age is characterized by the widespread adoption of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), biotechnology, and digitalization. These technologies are reshaping how societies operate, how industries function, and how individuals experience daily life and work.

Key Characteristics of X.0 = 4.0 (Intelligence Age):

1. Transformation through Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biotechnology, and Virtual Reality (VR):

• The Intelligence Age is largely defined by the transformative impact of AI, biotechnology, and virtual reality (VR) across all sectors of life.
• AI has begun to play a crucial role in automating tasks, improving decision-making, and enabling new forms of personalized services across industries such as healthcare, finance, and education.
• Biotechnology is advancing rapidly, with applications in genetic engineering, gene editing (e.g., CRISPR), and biomedicine offering new possibilities for improving health and extending human lifespan.
• Virtual Reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are transforming how individuals interact with information and the world around them, offering immersive experiences that have applications in fields such as training, entertainment, and medicine.

2. Widespread Adoption of Advanced Technologies:

• The Intelligence Age is characterized by the widespread adoption of multiple breakthrough technologies transforming everyday life. AI, Industry 4.0 (the fourth industrial revolution focused on automation, data exchange, and IoT), Society 5.0 (a human-centric society driven by technology), and digitalization are at the forefront of this transformation.

o AI is enabling automation at an unprecedented scale, impacting industries such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service, with machines now able to perform tasks traditionally done by humans, from driving cars to diagnosing medical conditions.

o Industry 4.0 introduces smart factories where machines, sensors, and robots interact in real-time, enhancing productivity and efficiency. It integrates IoT (Internet of Things) devices and big data analytics to optimize manufacturing processes.

o Society 5.0, particularly in countries like Japan, envisions a society where technology serves humanity by solving complex challenges like aging populations and urbanization, improving sustainability and quality of life.

3. Fundamental Alteration of All Aspects of Life and Work:

• The Intelligence Age is fundamentally changing all aspects of life and work. From healthcare to education, transportation to entertainment, no sector remains untouched by these advancements.

o Lifestyle: People’s daily lives are being redefined with technologies such as smart homes, wearables, and AI-powered personal assistants that make daily activities more efficient and personalized. Additionally, biotechnology offers the potential for enhanced health and longevity through personalized medicine and genetic therapies.

4. Integration of Advanced Technologies into Various Sectors:

• The Intelligence Age sees advanced technologies becoming integral parts of multiple sectors within the global economy:

o Healthcare is embracing AI for diagnostics, biotechnology for new treatments and therapies, and wearables for real-time health monitoring.

o Transportation is undergoing a revolution with autonomous vehicles, electric cars, and drone delivery systems, all powered by AI and IoT.

o Education is moving towards personalized learning with the help of AI-driven platforms that adapt to students’ needs and progress.

o Entertainment is being revolutionized by virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), creating fully immersive experiences in gaming, film, and training simulations.

• Figure 8 depicts the Intelligence Age (X.0 = 4.0), a phase currently emerging and defined by the pervasive presence of AI, biotechnology, and digitalization.
• This age is defined by a dramatic shift in how humans interact with technology, with AI at the forefront, automating tasks and enhancing decision-making, while biotechnology and VR redefine healthcare and human experiences. Advanced technologies are integrated across various sectors, altering how industries function and how people live and work. The age heralds a future where intelligent systems, smart technologies, and biotech will continuously reshape the fabric of society and civilization.

In this age, the distinction between human and machine labor, as well as the boundaries between the physical and digital realms, are becoming increasingly blurred. This era promises profound changes in how we live, work, and interact with each other and the environment.

(5) X.0 = 5.0/Human Age (5.0): Hypothesized future wave focusing on the integration of technology and human biology, leading to significant advances in healthcare and human performance [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. See Figure 8.

• Time Period: From the first edge of tomorrow (2020–2030), hypothesized future wave.
• Characteristics:

1. Focus on the integration of technology and human biology.

2. Development of biotechnology, genetic engineering, brain-machine interfaces, consciousness, and beyond

3. Significant advances in healthcare and human performance.

4. Emphasis on environmental sustainability, social justice, and human well-being.

5. Combination of the future of Industry 4.0 as the symbol of Western culture (which is called Industry 5.0) and future of the Society 5.0 (which is called Society 6.0) as the symbol of non-Western culture.

6. Envisions the integration of technology into biology, promising advances in healthcare and human performance, with a focus on sustainability and social justice.

7. Proposes a comprehensive framework to address future challenges.

8. Concepts related to Industry 5.0, Society 6.0, Urban 6.0 (Utopia), Entrepreneurship 5.0, Edu 5.0, Welfare 5.0, and SME 5.0.

Figure 8: X.0 = 5.0/Human Age (5.0).

Figure 8 outlines the Human Age (X.0 = 5.0), which is a hypothesized future wave of civilization. This wave is expected to occur from the first edge of tomorrow (2020–2030) and will center around the integration of technology with human biology. It envisions a transformative era that leads to remarkable advancements in healthcare, human performance, and biotechnology while addressing pressing global challenges such as environmental sustainability and social justice.

Key Characteristics of X.0 = 5.0 (Human Age):

1. Focus on the Integration of Technology and Human Biology:

• The Human Age is defined by the fusion of biotechnology and human biology. It marks a new frontier where technology doesn’t just complement human biology but is integrated into it at a fundamental level.

o The development of technologies that enable human enhancement (e.g., through implants, cybernetics, or genetic modifications) may revolutionize how humans approach their physical and cognitive limits.

2. Development of Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, and Brain-Machine Interfaces:

• Biotechnology and genetic engineering will likely play pivotal roles in this age, with advances in CRISPR and other gene-editing tools enabling the modification of human genes to treat diseases, enhance physical traits, or even introduce entirely new capabilities.
• Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) will allow for direct communication between the human brain and computers, enabling new forms of interaction with technology. This could potentially lead to enhanced cognitive abilities, mind-controlled devices, and even the development of artificial consciousness.
• The focus on consciousness and beyond suggests that new ways of understanding and possibly manipulating human consciousness will emerge, opening possibilities for merging human identity with technology.

3. Significant Advances in Healthcare and Human Performance:

• Healthcare will see radical advancements in the Human Age, with innovations driven by biotechnology, AI, and data analytics. Personalized medicine—tailoring medical treatment to the individual’s genetic makeup—will become the norm, resulting in better outcomes and more efficient healthcare systems.
• Human performance will be greatly enhanced through technological integration, enabling individuals to reach physical and mental levels of performance previously unimaginable. This may include smart prosthetics, enhanced vision, and genetic modifications that increase strength or endurance.

4. Emphasis on Environmental Sustainability, Social Justice, and Human Well-Being:

• As we move into the Human Age, there will be a heightened focus on sustainability and social justice. The integration of technology into human biology will not only focus on enhancing human performance but also on ensuring that technological advancements contribute to a better quality of life for everyone.
• This may involve the development of sustainable technologies that help mitigate environmental damage, reduce waste, and promote renewable energy sources. It will also likely include a societal shift toward addressing inequality and poverty, and ensuring fair access to the benefits of these advanced technologies.

5. Industry 5.0 and Society 6.0:

• The Human Age envisions the next stage in industrial and societal evolution:

o Society 6.0 is seen as the evolution of Society 5.0 (which focuses on creating a human-centered society where technology enhances the quality of life). Society 6.0 will likely combine non-Western cultural values with technological advancements to create a more inclusive, equitable society.

6. Comprehensive Framework for Future Challenges:

• The Human Age proposes a comprehensive framework for addressing future challenges. This framework is built on integrating human biology with technology while emphasizing the values of sustainability, equality, and human well-being.
• This approach will involve collaboration across industries and cultures to ensure that future technological innovations serve the common good of humanity and contribute to creating a sustainable world for future generations.

7. Concepts Related to Industry 5.0, Society 6.0, and Beyond:

• The Human Age introduces several evolving concepts, including:

o Edu 5.0: A vision for education that focuses on teaching skills for the future, including those needed to operate in a technologically augmented society.

o Welfare 5.0: A social system that provides comprehensive support, leveraging technology to ensure fair distribution of resources and care for individuals in society.

o SME 5.0: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that adopt advanced technologies to enhance their capabilities, making them more agile, innovative, and sustainable.

• Figure 8 presents the Human Age (X.0 = 5.0) as a hypothetical future wave of civilization, centered on the integration of technology and human biology. This age will likely bring revolutionary advances in healthcare, human performance, and technological capabilities that enhance human capabilities.
• The key characteristics of this age include the development of technologies such as biotechnology, genetic engineering, and brain-machine interfaces, as well as a focus on environmental sustainability, social justice, and human well-being.
• This age also anticipates the emergence of Industry 5.0, Society 6.0, and other cultural shifts, all designed to create a more human-centered, equitable, and sustainable future. Through this integration of human and technological systems, the Human Age envisions a future where technology and biology seamlessly work together to solve humanity’s greatest challenges and enhance the human experience.

(6) X.0 = 6.0 and 6.0 ≤ X.0 /Transhuman Age (X.0): A future wave where technology and biology merge, potentially leading to radical changes such as human immortality and space exploration [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

• Time Period: Hypothesized future wave
• Characteristics:

1. Merging of technology and biology, transcending human limitations.

2. Potential for radical changes such as human immortality and space exploration.

3. Emphasis on understanding and anticipating the impacts of technological advancements.

4. Exploring immortality, space exploration, and navigating the transhuman frontier.

5. Related concepts include Industry X.0, Society X.0, Urban X.0 (Future Utopia), Entrepreneurship X.0, Edu X.0, Welfare X.0, SME X.0, and Transhuman.

The X.0 Wave/Age Theory emphasizes the importance of innovation and technological progress in shaping human history. It suggests that each wave builds upon the achievements of the previous one while introducing new challenges and risks. This framework highlights the need for businesses to adapt to new technologies to thrive in an evolving landscape. It underscores the significance of responsible innovation to ensure these advancements benefit humanity.

By understanding and anticipating the potential impacts of technological advancements, the X.0 Wave/Age Theory encourages individuals and organizations to embrace change and prepare for future challenges and opportunities. This article explores these themes, providing insights into the ongoing and future transformations driven by the X.0 Wave/Age Theory [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

Figure 9: X.0 = 6.0/6.0 ≤ X.0 and the Transhuman Age (X.0).

Figure 9 outlines the Transhuman Age (X.0 = 6.0), which is a hypothesized future wave of civilization characterized by the merging of technology and biology, potentially leading to radical changes such as human immortality and space exploration. This age represents an evolutionary leap where humans transcend their biological limitations and enter an era where advanced technologies fundamentally alter the nature of existence itself.

Key Characteristics of X.0 = 6.0 (Transhuman Age):

1. Merging of Technology and Biology, Transcending Human Limitations:

• The Transhuman Age is defined by the fusion of technology and biology, where advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and cybernetics become integrated into human biology at a profound level.
• This merging could result in humans transcending their natural biological limits, such as aging, disease, and even mortality. The concept of human enhancement becomes central, where humans not only augment their physical and mental abilities but also redefine the very nature of being human.
• For example, technologies could help humans overcome the aging process, eliminate genetic diseases, or even enhance cognitive and physical abilities beyond the current limits of biology.

2. Potential for Radical Changes: Human Immortality and Space Exploration:

• The Transhuman Age presents the potential for radical transformations in human existence, particularly with concepts such as:

o Space Exploration: The merging of technology and biology could also enable human space travel beyond our solar system, possibly facilitating the colonization of distant planets or intergalactic exploration. Advances in space travel technologies, paired with human enhancement, could make it possible for humans to survive in harsh extraterrestrial environments or travel vast distances in space.

3. Emphasis on Understanding and Anticipating the Impacts of Technological Advancements:

• While the Transhuman Age holds great promise, it also brings complex ethical, social, and philosophical challenges. It emphasizes the need to understand and anticipate the impact of these radical technological advancements on individuals, societies, and the environment.

o What ethical considerations arise from technologies that allow humans to extend life indefinitely or modify their genetics?

4. Exploring Immortality, Space Exploration, and the Transhuman Frontier:

• The Transhuman Age envisions exploring new frontiers in both human existence and the universe. This includes exploring concepts like immortality through radical medical breakthroughs or developing humanity’s capabilities for long-term space exploration.

In this context, space exploration may not only involve reaching Mars or the Moon but also exploring the possibilities of human expansion to other star systems, using enhanced human capabilities to survive and thrive in deep space.

5. Related Concepts in the Transhuman Age: Industry X.0, Society X.0, and Beyond:

• The Transhuman Age will give rise to new conceptual frameworks that will shape the future of industries, societies, and humanity as a whole. These include:

o Society X.0: A vision of society where traditional concepts of social, political, and economic systems are overhauled by technological advances. The fusion of technology with biology could reshape social systems, governance, and the very structure of human society itself.

o Urban X.0 (Future Utopia): The concept of a future utopia where technology creates ideal urban environments that prioritize human well-being, sustainability, and interconnectedness. This could include cities with advanced AI systems, biotech-enhanced infrastructure, and smart living environments.

o Entrepreneurship X.0: A new model of business and entrepreneurship in a world dominated by technology and biotechnology, where new opportunities arise to create human-centered innovations.

o Edu X.0: A transformative approach to education, where learning is driven by AI, virtual reality, and bio-enhancements. Education X.0 would prepare individuals for a society that is increasingly reliant on advanced technologies.

o Welfare X.0 and SME X.0: The reimagining of welfare systems and small-medium enterprises (SMEs) to fit into this new technological framework, where human capabilities are augmented and businesses adapt to new realities and technologies.

6. Understanding the X.0 Wave/Age Theory:

• X.0 Wave Theory underlines the critical role of technological innovation in shaping human history and society. It highlights that each wave of advancement builds upon the achievements of the previous one while also introducing new challenges and risks.
• Adapting to these emerging technologies is essential for thriving in this evolving landscape. Moreover, the need for responsible innovation will be key to ensuring that the advances in biotechnology and transhumanism benefit humanity as a whole, rather than exacerbating inequality or social division.

Figure 9 presents the Transhuman Age (X.0 = 6.0/6.0 ≤ X.0) as the next frontier in human evolution, marked by the profound merging of technology and biology. This wave could enable radical changes such as human immortality, the potential for space exploration, and the transcendence of human limitations.

• Key characteristics of this age include the integration of AI, biotechnology, and cybernetics to reshape human life fundamentally.
• The age will bring about new industries, societies, and cultural systems (e.g., Industry X.0, Society X.0), where technology drives the transformation of human existence. In contrast, new frameworks will need to address ethical concerns, social changes, and the responsible application of these advancements.
• As we move into this future, it is crucial to understand and anticipate the impacts of such technologies on humanity, focusing on ensuring that these radical transformations are beneficial for all.

3.3. Envisioning the Future

In this theory, and based on the 7PS model, readiness for the first edge of tomorrow, which is from 2020–2030, is posited through:

(1) Forecasting: Utilizing comprehensive data analysis and predictive models to anticipate future trends and challenges.

(2) Prevention: Implementing proactive measures to mitigate potential risks and prevent crises.

(3) Facing Today’s Challenges and Tomorrow’s Crises: Developing robust strategies to address current issues and preparing adaptive responses for future disruptions.

3.4. Addressing Today’s Challenges and Tomorrow’s Crises

The Tomorrow’s Crises Chain in the X.0 Wave/Age theory highlights interconnected risks across the seven pillars of sustainability, alongside external shocks like pandemics, environmental disasters, and technological disruptions. These cascading risks can amplify one another, potentially leading to catastrophic outcomes if not effectively managed. See Figure 10.

Key Risks in the Crises Chain:

1. Risks Related to the Seven Pillars of Sustainability (7PS):

2. Health and Pandemic Risks (e.g., COVID-19)

3. Environmental Disasters in Remote Regions

4. Nuclear and Technological Risks

5. Risk of the “Domino Effect”:

A critical element of the chain is the consequence amplification where one crisis intensifies others.

The Need to Prevent the Crises Chain from Merging:

The theory stresses that the convergence of these crises into a unified chain must be avoided at all costs. Allowing them to align could result in catastrophic outcomes for humanity. Strategies must focus on:

1. Risk Splitting

2. Collaboration and Governance

3. Proactive Sustainability

The X.0 Wave Theory, also known as the Tomorrow Age Theory or the Theory of Comprehensive Everything, offers a comprehensive framework for understanding, forecasting, preventing, and addressing the complex challenges of today and the crises of tomorrow. It aims to offer comprehensive readiness for tomorrow’s sustainable energy challenges, crises, and concerns, particularly focusing on the decade from 2020 to 2030. This theory is designed to harness opportunities associated with sustainable development while addressing today’s challenges and tomorrow’s crises. Key areas of concern include: See Figure 11.

(1) Risk of COVID-19 Contagion

(2) Biological Attack Contagion

(3) Economic Shifts and Recession Risks

(4) Social Anxiety Crises

(5) Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Pollution

(6) Climate Change Crises

(7) Technological Crises

(8) Biodiversity Collapse.

3.5. Addressing Future Concerns

The X.0 Wave Theory not only charts the progress of human civilization but also provides a roadmap for navigating future crises and challenges. By examining past waves and forecasting future trends, this theory aims to ensure a comprehensive and sustainable approach to development, addressing the immediate risks and preparing for the unforeseen crises of tomorrow.

By integrating insights from past publications, conferences, and ongoing research projects, the X.0 Wave Theory offers a robust framework to understand and tackle the multifaceted challenges of today’s world and the uncertainties of the future, ensuring a sustainable and resilient path forward.

This comprehensive strategy lays the foundation for a resilient and sustainable future, equipped to navigate the complexities of an ever-evolving technological landscape. Key elements include:

• AI and Automation: Harnessing the transformative power of artificial intelligence and automation to redefine industries and enhance societal functions while addressing ethical and workforce challenges.
• Cultural Dynamics: Acknowledging the pivotal role of cultural contexts in shaping the adoption of technology and driving societal evolution, ensuring inclusivity and respect for diverse perspectives.
• Global Collaboration: Strengthening international partnerships to address shared challenges and maximize the benefits of technological advancements for all, fostering equity and global prosperity.
• Foresight and Preparedness: Developing forward-looking scenarios to anticipate emerging trends, mitigate potential disruptions, and safeguard humanity’s resilience and sustainability in the face of uncertainty.

Figure 10. Tomorrow’s crises chain at the first edge of tomorrow at the X.0 wave/age (X.0 = 5.0) theory [5,6,29,30].

Figure 11. Tomorrow’s crises waves at the first edge of tomorrow at the X.0 wave/age (X.0 = 5.0) theory [5,6,29,30].

By addressing these dimensions, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the X.0 Wave Theory’s impact on knowledge, technology, and business and to offer insights into the future challenges and opportunities it presents.

Table 1 outlines the method for calculating the composite sustainability index (Si = f(x)), which integrates the probability (Pi), impact (Ii), and normalized ratio (ri Normal) of each pillar. This approach is based on the methodology established in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], which serves as the primary source for the framework, while additional sources [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30] provide supplementary data and validation for these metrics. The use of Pi, Ii, and ri Normal allows for a nuanced assessment of sustainability that accounts for the likelihood of impact, the significance of each pillar, and standardized comparative values across different contexts.

Table 1. The table describes how to measure sustainability based on the impact (i), probability (p) and ratio (r) of each pillar presented on Figure 1 and Figure 2 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

• Si/f(x): The composite sustainability index (Si = f(x)) aggregates the product of the probability (Pi), impact (Ii), and normalized ratio (ri Normal) for each pillar to provide an overall sustainability score. This metric reflects the combined effect of each pillar’s likelihood of impact, significance, and standardized measurement across comparative factors. The method of calculating Si follows the framework detailed in the source [1] and is supported by additional insights from sources [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. The use of Pi, Ii, and ri Normal ensures that each pillar’s influence is measured fairly and comprehensively, supporting decision-making processes for sustainable development.
• Ranges:

o Ii (Impact): Higher values indicate a more substantial positive or negative effect on sustainability, with lower values representing a minimal impact.

o ri Normal (Normalized Ratio): Values are adjusted to standardize across pillars, ensuring comparisons are consistent and relevant to the overall sustainability assessment.