This paper examines the factors that affect human–wildlife conflict and its socio-ecological consequences, including impacts on the daily lives of rural people, farming activities, children’s schooling, and livestock rearing. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. Data were collected from secondary sources, primarily the Uttarakhand State Forest Department and the Forest Survey of India, covering 25 years (2000–2025). Information on wildlife species, their populations, and the number of people killed or injured by wildlife was obtained. The author visited some affected areas of human–wildlife conflict in July 2024 and January 2025. A perception study was conducted in which 212 people from five villages were interviewed. A map of human–wildlife conflict hotspots was also prepared. Three districts of Uttarakhand—Pauri, Almora, and Tehri—were identified as human-wildlife conflict hotspots. This study reveals that elephants dominate the plains—namely the Doon Valley and the Tarai region—whereas leopards and bears dominate the middle Himalayan region in terms of human–wildlife conflict. Wild boars and langurs are also found in the same region. Snow leopards are confined to the Greater Himalayan region. Every day, one or more people are killed by wildlife, and the number of injured people is considerably high. Fatalities from leopard attacks are highest, followed by bear attacks, mainly in the middle Himalayan region. The study suggests that both the Forest Department and local communities can play significant roles in managing wildlife through awareness programmes and improved forest management.
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) ligases are a family of 11 ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate protein stability, trafficking, and signaling across diverse cellular contexts. Although MARCH ligases have been studied most extensively in immune regulation, antigen presentation, viral restriction, and cellular homeostasis, their roles in pulmonary biology remain incompletely defined. The lung is a highly specialized environmental interface that must preserve gas exchange while continuously responding to infectious, inflammatory, and sterile insults. These demands require careful regulation of epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune activation, and tissue repair. Current work suggests that MARCH ligases influence many of these processes by regulating inflammatory responses, cytokine receptors, antiviral signaling mediators, viral proteins, mitochondrial fission or fusion, junctional molecules, ciliary components, and remodeling pathways. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and highlight gaps in the understanding of MARCH ligase expression and function in lung-relevant cell types and disease contexts. Defining how MARCH ligases operate within specific lung compartments may reveal new regulatory mechanisms governing pulmonary immunity, barrier function, host defense, and lung remodeling.
Leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important leafy vegetable highly valued for its diverse flavor and nutrient compounds, particularly glucosinolates. However, different varieties of leaf mustard exhibit substantial phenotypic variation and varying glucosinolate content. In this study, we systematically assessed the phenotypic variability and glucosinolate content among 86 genotypes of leaf mustard. The Shannon-Wiener index for qualitative traits ranged from 0.10 (leaf surface gloss) to 1.60 (leaf shape), while for quantitative traits, it ranged from 1.85 (petiole length) to 2.07 (leaf width). Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into three distinct clusters, with hierarchical clustering indicating that yield-related traits were the primary factors distinguishing these groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that eight components accounted for 87.44% of the total variance in yield and glucosinolate attributes. Based on comprehensive scoring, the top five genotypes (A645, A464, A512, A702, and A445), exhibiting diverse characteristics, were identified as promising candidates for breeding programs. Moreover, our results suggest that leaf mustard leaves with deeper or more numerous lobes contain higher concentrations of glucoraphanin. Collectively, these findings provide valuable genetic resources to advance leaf mustard breeding.
Doxorubicin plus cisplatin (AP) once played a central role in the systemic treatment of advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer and helped establish combination chemotherapy as a standard approach for extra-uterine disease. Contemporary practice, however, has shifted toward carboplatin plus paclitaxel (TC), which now serves as the cytotoxic backbone for first-line immunotherapy-based strategies. This transition should not be interpreted as the simple replacement of an ineffective regimen by a definitively superior one. No dedicated two-arm trial established the superiority or noninferiority of TC over AP across the full clinical spectrum. Rather, the change resulted from an accumulation of evidence: AP had established historical activity, the addition of paclitaxel to AP improved outcomes, and TC subsequently achieved similar efficacy to the three-drug regimen with better tolerability and practical feasibility. Molecular classification has further changed the treatment landscape. POLE-mutated, mismatch repair-deficient, p53-abnormal, and no specific molecular profile tumors differ in prognosis and therapeutic relevance, but no molecular subgroup has been shown to derive preferential benefit from AP rather than TC. TC also remains the platform for major first-line immunotherapy trials, whereas biomarker-directed and later-line options have further reduced the competitiveness of AP. Emerging biomarkers of cisplatin sensitivity and combinations of immune checkpoint blockade with PARP inhibition remain investigational and do not establish a new molecular niche for AP. AP should therefore be regarded as a historically important regimen with a narrow residual role as an exceptional fallback when established contemporary strategies cannot reasonably be used.
Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive community-based, family intervention for older children and adolescents exhibiting juvenile antisocial behaviours. The MST intervention was implemented within the Western Australia Department of Health in 2005 and has since operated two clinical teams within the Perth metropolitan area. Adolescents exhibiting antisocial behaviours often meet diagnostic criteria of conduct disorder, a common mental and behavioural problem in children and adolescents, and ranked in the top five of leading causes of disease burden within Australian children. Conduct disorder negatively affects well-being of both the adolescent and family members, who experience repercussions of the adolescent’s behaviours e.g., verbal and physical assault in their home, police involvement, legal sanctions, and social exclusion. In the absence of effective intervention, conduct disorder predicts various adult mental illnesses, substance abuse, chronic unemployment, family and domestic violence, and incarceration. This exploratory study provides an overview of treatment outcomes extracted from longitudinal data collected from 749 research participants engaged in the WA CAMHS MST program between January 2005 and December 2024, including baseline, post-treatment, and limited 6-month follow-up data. The treatment outcomes were categorised in 4 different cohorts by year of engagement in the program as follows: 2005–2009, 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024. In addition to examining treatment outcomes, we explored demographic and clinical variations across cohorts to account for societal changes over the last 20 years. Influences such as rapid technological advancements and the COVID-19 pandemic have reshaped family mental health and well-being as well as service delivery models. Our findings highlight the importance of adaptable and sustainable therapeutic interventions to ensure their relevance, effectiveness, and long-term impact, particularly in ever-changing environments.
