This paper suggests an analytical framework to design the output impedance of a microsource inverter to meet the requirements of proportional load sharing with the permissible range of THD (total harmonic distortion) of the output voltage as per the IEEE 519 standard. In order to achieve the aforementioned objectives, the integral controller is designed in such a way as to make the output impedance of an inverter capacitive in nature. The optimum design of capacitive output impedance at the harmonic frequencies ensures reduced THD levels in the output voltage without affecting proportional load sharing, which is determined by fundamental frequency impedance, ensuring the decoupled design to meet different requirements at the same time. The focus of the work is also laid on the inherent limitations of conventional droop control of inverters and its remedial measures through bolting a regulator on its control loop. The modification of the robust droop control structure for a capacitive inverter is discussed, and small signal stability/PF (participation factor) based analysis is done to ensure the steady state stable operation. In order to enhance the load voltage quality further, a bypassing the harmonic current components strategy is discussed and developed further, which led to THDv < 5%. Subsequently, the basic stability analysis is conducted to determine the finite parameters of BHC by control system principles. The discussed models and schemes are simulated under both linear and nonlinear load conditions to validate the proposed strategies, and their effectiveness is assessed through a comparative analysis.
This paper presents an optimal switching strategy and a cost-effective hybrid configuration employing silicon (Si) IGBTs and silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs in a three-level active-neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) converter for high-power off-board electric vehicle (EV) chargers. A three-stage switching scheme is proposed to achieve balanced current sharing and minimize switching losses over a wide load range. In addition, a cost-saving function (CSF) is introduced to quantify the total lifecycle cost of the converter utilizing hybrid parallel switch sets, encompassing both the initial device procurement cost and the operating cost arising from power losses over the system lifetime. The proposed CSF effectively identifies the optimal hybrid switch configuration for the ANPC converter. PLECS simulations using actual device data and characteristics from multiple suppliers demonstrate that the proposed design achieves up to a 12.02% reduction in power losses compared with single-Si-switch designs and a 66.42% cost saving relative to all-wide-bandgap solutions, thereby providing an effective efficiency–cost trade-off for next-generation EV charging systems.
Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) is an economically valuable bast fiber crop, yet a high-quality full-length transcriptome reference for sex-divergent lines remains lacking. To fill this gap, we combined PacBio Iso-Seq with Illumina RNA-Seq to construct a full-length transcriptome for the gynoecious mutant GBN09 and compared transcriptomes of four tissues (leaves, bast fibers, stems, and flowers) between GBN09 and the androecious mutant GBN10. The analysis generated 63,082 high-quality isoforms and annotated 30,885 genes. Regulatory element mining revealed 565 transcription factors (predominantly IAA, AP2/ERF, and WRKY families), 16,617 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 31,759 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Transcriptomic comparisons identified 8414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with the most profound transcriptional shifts in floral and young stem tissues. Enrichment analysis linked these DEGs primarily to linoleic acid metabolism, phytohormone signaling cascades, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, highlighting their roles in sexual differentiation. Furthermore, we detected 274 sex-biased differential alternative splicing (DAS) events, many of which mapped to cell wall biogenesis and core auxin signaling components such as AFB2 and NPY2. These results indicate that post-transcriptional modifications provide an additional regulatory layer during ramie floral sex differentiation. Validated by qRT-PCR, this dataset establishes a robust molecular resource and identifies candidate genes to elucidate sex differentiation and support molecular breeding in ramie.
This study employs short-cut carbon fibers of varying contents as the reinforcing phase and prepares Csf/C-ZrC-CuNi composites via spark plasma sintering. The effects of short-cut carbon fiber content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and ablation resistance of the composites are systematically investigated, and the fiber toughening and synergistic protection mechanisms are analyzed. The results indicate that the introduction of carbon fibers significantly suppresses the cracking tendency of the composites after ablation and promotes the formation of Cu2O and NiO, both of which act as sintering aids to densify the ZrO2 oxide layer, thereby synergistically enhancing the ablation resistance of the composites. At a carbon fiber content of 10 wt.%, the composites exhibit optimal comprehensive performance: the lowest ablation center temperature (2268 °C), a mass ablation rate of 2.00 mg/s, a linear ablation rate of −3.20 μm/s, and a flexural strength of 53.1 MPa. This study provides experimental evidence for the compositional design and performance optimization of ceramic composite high-temperature thermal protection materials.
Fibrosis is a common pathological consequence of chronic tissue injury, characterized by persistent fibroblast activation, excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, and progressive impairment of organ function. Although classical fibrogenic pathways, particularly transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, have been extensively studied, growing evidence suggests that metabolic adaptation is an essential component that supports the persistence of the fibrotic phenotype. Among metabolic pathways, enhanced glycolytic activity can support fibrotic remodeling in specific cellular contexts while also participating in adaptive or reparative responses depending on cell identity and disease stage. The glycolysis–lactate–lactylation axis links metabolic alterations with transcriptional reprogramming, immune regulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. This review summarizes the roles of key glycolytic regulators, including GLUT1, HK2, PFKFB3, PFKM/PFKP, PKM2, LDHA, MCT1/4, and PDK1, across pulmonary, hepatic, renal, cardiac, and cutaneous fibrosis. We further discuss the interactions among glycolytic metabolism, TGF-β signaling, HIF-1α activation, YAP/TAZ-mediated mechanotransduction, and immune-metabolic communication, highlighting emerging therapeutic strategies and challenges in targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in fibrosis.
