Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief (2)
Prof. Dr. An-Ping Zeng
Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Biochemical and Biological Engineering; Biomaterials
Prof. Dr. Shang-Tian Yang
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Interests: Bioprocess Engineering; Fermentation; Biocatalysis; Metabolic Engineering; Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering; Microfluidic Bioreactors and Biochips for High Throughput Screening and Biodiagnostics
Associate Editors (5)
Dr. Yu Liang Huang
Safenia Bioscience, Shanghai, China
Interests: Bioengineering; Bioinformatics; Systemic Biology; Biopharmaceuticals
Prof. Dr. Christopher V. Rao
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Interests: Systems and Synthetic Biology; Control Theory; Metabolic Engineering; Microbiology
Prof. Dr. Jufang Wang
School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Fermentation Engineering; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Biosafety and Detection; Microbiology
Prof. Dr. Yi Wang
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Bioprocess Engineering; Biomanufacturing; Biofuels and Biochemicals; Applied Microbiology; Environmental Microbiology
Prof. Dr. Yajun Yan
School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Protein Engineering; Industrial Biotechnology; Natural Products
Editorial Board Members (83)
Dr. Ian Blaby
US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Microbial Functional Genomics/Genetics; Algal Functional Genomics/Genetics
Prof. Dr. George N. Bennett
Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
Interests: Molecular Biology of Prokaryotes; Metabolic Engineering; Biosensors
Prof. Dr. Anthony J. Berdis
Department of Chemistry, SR 363, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
Interests: DNA Polymerases; DNA Damage; Mutagenesis; Chemotherapy; Cancer Biology; Synthetic Biology; Nucleoside Analogs
Dr. Mark Blenner
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Functional Genomics; Systems Biology; Biomanufacturing
Prof. Dr. Pablo Carbonell
Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing (AI2), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, 46022, Spain
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Systems Biology; Computational Biology; Control Engineering; Biological Engineering
Prof. Dr. Mingfeng Cao
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, 361005, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Enzyme Engineering; Natural Products Biosynthesis
Prof. Dr. George Guo-Qiang Chen
Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Systems biology; Metabolic Engineering; Biotechnology
Dr. Vincent Courdavault
EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours, 37200, France
Interests: Natural Products; Metabolic Engineering; Alkaloids; Pathway Elucidation; Protein Subcellular Localization
Prof. Dr. Wilfred Chen
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Protein Engineering; Biofuel; Biosensing
Prof. Dr. C. Perry Chou
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Interests: Bioprocess Engineering; Bacterial Strain Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Genetic Engineering; Metabolic Engineering
Dr. Zhen Chen
Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
Interests: Biochemical Engineering; Systems Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology
Dr. Nathan Crook
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Rngineering; Directed Evolution; Microbiome; Probiotics
Prof. Dr. Weiliang Dong
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
Interests: Microbial Strains and Enzymes; Combinin Gadaptive Evolution; High Throughput Screening; Synthetic Biotechnology; Protein Structure Design and Scale-up Process
Dr. Carrie A. Eckert
Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
Interests: Microbiology; Genome Engineering; Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology
Dr. Ulrich Eckhard
Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Catalunya, Spain
Interests: Proteolytic Flagella; Synthetic Microbiology; Proteomics; Structural Biology; Structural Biochemistry
Dr. Mathias Foo
School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
Interests: Systems and Synthetic Biology; Dynamical Modelling; Control Design of Biological System
Prof. Dr. Qiang Fei
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 , China
Interests: Biofuels and Value Added Bioproducts
Prof. Dr. Gianfranco Gilardi
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology - Laboratories of Structural and Functional Biochemistry, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, 10123, Italy
Interests: Engineering Metalloproteins; Engineering Metalloenzymes; Cytochromes P450; Biofuels
Prof. Dr. Man Bock Gu
Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
Interests: Aptamers; Biosensors; Nanotechnology; Lateral Flow Strip
Prof. Dr. Jiandong Huang
School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hongkong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Intracellular Transportation; Genetic Engineering
Prof. Dr. Jiong Hong
School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; DNA Synthesis; RNA and Protein Synthesis; Metabolic Engineering
Dr. Codruta Ignea
Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Engineering of Biological Membranes; Next Generation of Synthetic Biosystems; Biotechnological Production of High-value Compounds; Biosynthesis and Chemical Diversity of Specialized Metabolites
Prof. Dr. Min Jiang
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Fermentation Engineering; Organic Wastes Bioconversion; Microbial Consortia
Prof. Dr. Luc Jaeger
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA
Interests: Nucleic Acids; RNA and DNA Self-assembly; RNA and DNA Nanostructures; Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology; RNA Synthetic Biology
Prof. Dr. Xiao-Jun Ji
State Key Laboratory Of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College Of Biotechnology And Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
Interests: Bioengineering; Biochemical Engineering; Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology
Prof. Dr. Michael C. Jewett
Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
Interests: Cell-free Biology; Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Biotechnology
Dr. J. Andrew Jones
Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, OH, USA
Interests: Pathway Optimization; Synthetic Biology; Psychedelic Medicine; Metabolic Engineering
Dr. Yong-Chan Kwon
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Cell-free Systems; Metabolic Engineering; Biosensors; Orthogonal Translation System
Dr. Jiazhang Lian
College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Genome Engineering
Prof. Dr. Yunzi Luo
Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
Interests: Gene Editing; Synthetic Biology; Natural Product Biosynthesis; Protein Engineering; Metabolic Engineering; Enzyme Engineering
Prof. Dr. Bing-Zhi Li
Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Genome Engineering; Systems biology; Lignin Bioconversion; Lignocellulose Bioconversion
Dr. Hualan Liu
US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Strain Engineering; Microbial Functional Genomics; Microbial Genetics
Prof. Dr. Jian-Zhong Liu
Institute of Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
Interests: Microbial Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Biotechnology
Dr. Jianming Liu
Center of Synthetic Biology and Integrated Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310024, China
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Cell free biosynthesis; Synthetic Biology; C1-based biomanufacturing; Novel Microbial Food
Dr. Yuheng Lin
Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4007, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Biochemical Engineering; Biocatalysis
Prof. Dr. Kai Liu
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: Material Synthetic Biology; Protein Mechanical Materials; Rare Earth Biomanufacturing
Prof. Dr. Bernd Mueller-Roeber
University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
Interests: Biotechnology; Transcription Factors; Gene Regulatory Networks; Synthetic Biology; Plant Molecular Biology
Dr. Francesco Montefusco
Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, 80133, Italy
Interests: Computational Systems and Synthetic Biology; Modeling, Analysis, Identification, Design and Control of Biological Systems; Mathematical Modeling for Excitable Cells
Prof. Dr. Hongwu Ma
1. Biodesign Centre, Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
2. National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308,China
Interests: Computational Synthetic Biology; Biodesign; Metabolic Engineering; Artificial Inteligence
Dr. David R. Nielsen
Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Biofuels and Biochemicals; Small Molecule Transporter Proteins; Microbial Communities
Dr. Shuhei Noda
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Kanagawa, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
Interests: Protein Engineering; Enzyme Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering
Prof. Dr. Brian F. Pfleger
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Biotechnology; Sustainability
Prof. Dr. Si Jae Park
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Systems Biotechnology; Biorefinery; Biopolymer/Biofuel/Biochemical; Fermentations; Protein Engineering
Dr. Vitor B. Pinheiro
Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Belgium
Interests: Directed Evolution; Synthetic Nucleic Acids (XNA); Polymerases; Microcins
Dr. Dimitris Papamichail
Department of Computer Science, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
Interests: Applied Algorithms; Computational and Synthetic Biology; Music Arrangements
Dr. Ivan Reyna-Llorens
Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Uab, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: Plant Genomics; Plant Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Bioinformatics
Dr. Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Interests: Biophysics; Multicellularity; Synthetic Biology; Microbiology; Mathematics; Interaction Design
Dr. Shuobo Shi
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology
Dr. Daniel Schindler
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, 35043, Germany
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Synthetic Genomics; Genome Engineering; Molecular Biology; Genome Architecture
Dr. Jiafu Shi
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
Interests: Enzyme-Photo-coupled Catalysis; Enzymatic Catalysis; Biocatalysis; Green Biomanufacturing; CO2 and Biomass Conversion
Prof. Dr. Laura Segatori
Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Protein Engineering; Nanotechnology; Genome Engineering; Drug Delivery
Prof. Dr. Haralambos Stamatis
Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
Interests: Enzyme Biotechnology; Biocatalysis; Nanobiotechnology; Industrial Biotechnology
Prof. Dr. Blake A. Simmons
Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Interests: Biofuels; Biomanufacturing; Biocatalysis; Synthetic Biology; Biomaterials
Dr. Gerd Seibold
Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
Interests: Microbiology; Synthetic Biology; Membrane Transport
Prof. Dr. Tsutomu Tanaka
Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Biorefinery; Enzyme Engineering
Dr. Cheemeng Tan
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Computational Biology; Bacteria; Artificial Cells; Cell-free
Prof. Dr. Yinjie Tang
Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering Department, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Interests: Biotechnology; Bioprocess Engineering; Microbial Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Genetic Engineering; Metabolic Modeling
Prof. Dr. Tamir Tuller
Laboratory of Computational Systems and Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, 69978, Israel
Interests: Computational Biology; Systems Biology; Evolutionary Systems Biology; Synthetic Biology; Gene Expression
Dr. Xiaojun Tian
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Interests: Systems Biology; Synthetic Biology; Nonlinear Dynamics; Gene Circuits; Cancer Metastasis; Renal Disease
Dr. Ana Margarida Palma Teixeira
Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
Interests: Mammalian Synthetic Biology; Engineered Cell-based Therapies; Gene and Protein Switches
Dr. Philippe Urban
TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse CEDEX 04, France
Interests: Enzymology; P450; Protein Structure and Function; Evolution
Prof. Dr. Giovanni Vozzi
Department of Information Engineering, Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
Interests: Bioengineering; Biomedical Engineering; Tissue Engineering; Microfabrication; Bioreactors for Tissue Culture; Microactuators Fabrication
Dr. Daniel C. Volke
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Genetic and Genome Engineering
Prof. Dr. Dong Wei
School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
Interests: Microalgae as Green Cell Factory for Biotechnology
Prof. Dr. Volker F. Wendisch
Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, CeBiTec, Bielefeld, D-33615, Germany
Interests: Biotechnology; Synthetic Biology; Microbiology; Metabolic Engineering; Bioeconomy
Prof. Dr. Fengxue Xin
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Biosynthesis; Bio-chemicals; Fermentation Engineering
Prof. Dr. Peng Xu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong - Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063, China
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Biochemical Engineering; Systems Biology; Computational modeling
Prof. Dr. Zhilong Xiu
School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
Interests: Biocatalysis and Transformation; Bioseparation Engineering; Industrial Microbiome Technology; Metabolic Engineering; Natural Products; Functional Foods
Dr. Wei Xiong
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Microbial Biotechnology; One Carbon Metabolism and Photosynthesis; Pathway Design and 13C-Fluxomics
Dr. Masahito Yamagata
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Interests: Neural Circuit Formation; Adhesion Molecule; Extracellular Matrix; Connectomics; Synthetic Biology; Genome Editing; Recombinant Antibodies, Single-cell Transcriptomics
Prof. Dr. Yunjun Yan
Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
Interests: Synthethic Biology; Enzyme Engineering; Gene Editing Technology
Prof. Dr. Shihui Yang
State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Microbial Genetics and Biosynthesis; Biological Transformation Technology
Prof. Dr. Bangce Ye
Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
Interests: Microbiology; Synthetic Biology; Biology; Analytical Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Ying-Jin Yuan
Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Genetic Engineering; Biochemical Engineering
Prof. Dr. Qipeng Yuan
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology
Dr. Yasuo Yoshikuni
The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Interests: Genomics Driven Synthetic Biology; Metabolic Engineering; Biofuels and Bioproducts; Strain Engineering; CRAGE; Biomaterials; Microbiome Engineering; Plant-microbe Interactions; Protein Engineering; Machine Learning
Prof. Dr. Qi Zhang
Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
Interests: Streptomyces; Enzymology; Natural Product; Antibacterial
Prof. Dr. Jian-Jiang Zhong
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
Interests: Molecular Biochemical Engineering; Fermentation Technology; Synthetic Biology
Dr. Chong Zhang
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
Interests: Metabolic Engineering; Synthetic Biology; Biotechnology
Prof. Dr. Yiheng Zhang
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Interests: Synthetic Biology; Enzyme Engineering; Energy
Prof. Dr. Wei Zhang
Marine Bioproducts Cooperative Research Centre, Australia; Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development (CMBD), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA5042, Australia
Interests: Marine Biotechnology; Marine Bioproducts; Marine Biorefinery; Industry Biotechnology; Molecular Bioprocessing; Plant Cell Biotechnology; Clean Technologies; Marine Biomaterials
Dr. Yan Zhu
Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
Interests: Genome-scale Metabolic Modelling; Multi-omics; Systems Biotechnology; Synthetic Microbiome; Antibiotic Discovery and Pharmacology
Prof. Dr. Sergey B. Zotchev
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
Interests: Biologically Active Natural Products from Microorganisms; Genetics and Biochemistry of Natural Product Biosynthesis; Bacterial Genetics; Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology
