Restoration of tidal freshwater forest is required according to European legislation for biodiversity conservation and compensation for human impact on estuaries. A large-scale project was set up to compensate for channel deepening at the port of Hamburg, the third largest port in Europe. The relief was modelled to allow tidal dynamics, and 2680 willows (genus Salix) were planted for a tidal freshwater forest in autumn 2022. Six characteristic Salix species were planted in different habitats at the restoration site. After one year, 75% of the individuals were established, whereas S. viminalis showed the highest establishment percentage (85.7), followed by S. rubens (72.6), S. triandra (70.7), S. alba (60.3), S. purpurea (51.3), and S. fragilis (37.7). The species diversity in the different habitats (stream valley meadow, reed stands, wet sinks, bar ground, in small bays, at tidal creeks) was preserved. The species differed in growth parameters and planting habitats: Salix alba and S. purpurea showed drought damage, but S. alba responded with resprouting; S. alba was least affected, whereas S. viminalis was most affected by browsing but similarly responded with strong resprouting. Salix triandra showed browsing damage but did resprout less. Salix fragilis and S. rubens behaved intermediary. The study demonstrates the initial establishment success of the Salix species one year after plantation with important implications for initial restoration management of tidal freshwater forest in European estuaries.
Worldwide generation of crop residues exceeds four billion tonnes per year, much of which is openly burnt or landfilled, with consequences for air quality, greenhouse-gas emissions, and soil organic matter. Thermochemical conversion of these residues to biochar offers a valorisation route with the potential to contribute simultaneously to water and soil remediation and to durable carbon storage. This structured narrative review consolidates progress on agricultural waste derived biochar (AWDB) reported between 2020 and 2026. Slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonisation are compared in terms of operating conditions, yield, and product attributes. Activation routes (steam, CO2, KOH, ZnCl2, H3PO4) and post-synthetic modifications (heteroatom doping, metal impregnation, magnetic functionalisation) are evaluated against porosity, surface chemistry, and adsorbate selectivity. Applications span heavy-metal, dye, antibiotic, and CO2 removal, together with soil amendment and carbon sequestration. Persistent limitations are identified, including over-reliance on equilibrium capacities, inconsistent test protocols, sparse multicomponent data and incomplete life-cycle accounting. The distinction between biochar, activated biochar, and biochar-derived activated carbon is applied consistently, and the safety profile of the material—residual pyrolysis organics, potentially toxic elements, release of impregnated metals, and management of pollutant-loaded spent adsorbent—is treated as integral to the assessment. Priorities are proposed for standardised evaluation, mechanism-guided synthesis, data-driven design, and techno-economic assessment.
The temperature rise in lightweight, high-efficiency traction motors for new energy vehicles (NEVs) directly affects their operating efficiency, reliability, and service life. In this study, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for NEVs was selected as the research object, and three distributed cooling channel configurations, namely spiral, tree-shaped, and circumferential channels, were comparatively investigated using conjugate fluid–thermal simulations. The effects of cooling-channel configuration and coolant flow rate on the motor temperature and flow characteristics were analyzed. Under the rated operating condition with a total coolant flow rate of 10 L/min, the maximum motor temperatures of the spiral, tree-shaped, and circumferential configurations were 98.2 °C, 97.2 °C, and 99.6 °C, respectively. The tree-shaped cooling channel, therefore, exhibited the best thermal performance and the smallest maximum inlet-to-outlet static gauge-pressure difference among the three configurations. Based on the thermal constraints and the variation in this defined pressure metric, recommended coolant flow rates of 12 L/min and 22 L/min were selected for the peak-speed and peak-torque operating conditions, respectively.
In the theory of Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations, an incompressible fluid in motion is modeled as a homogeneous and dense assemblage of constituent “fluid particles” with viscous stress proportional to the rate of strain. The crucial concept in fluid flow is the velocity of a particle, which is accelerated by the pressure and viscous interactions around it. In this paper, by virtue of an alternative constituent “micro-finite element”, we introduce a set of new intrinsic quantities, called the vortex fields, to characterize the relative orientation between elements and the feature of micro-eddies in the element, while the description of viscous interaction in the fluid returns to that the interlayer friction is proportional to the slip strength, more matching Newton’s original intuition. Such a framework enables us to reconstruct the dynamics theory of viscous fluid, in which the fluid can be modeled as a finite covering of elements and consequently its flow is indicated by a space-time differential manifold that admits complex topological evolution.
Pulmonary microvasculature, which is intimately associated with the alveoli, carries the entire cardiac output through an extensive capillary network and plays a pivotal role in gas exchange by maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the alveolar-capillary barrier. Preservation of cell-cell junctions is essential for preventing paracellular leakage and leukocyte infiltration, which are characteristic features of acute lung inflammatory disorders, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. Epigenetic regulation serves as a fundamental mechanism linking chromatin dynamics to endothelial barrier function. By modulating gene expression and downstream processes, including protein stability, subcellular localization, and enzymatic activity, epigenetic pathways regulate cell-cell junctions, ultimately determining microvascular endothelial barrier integrity. This review provides an in-depth overview of the molecular regulation of cell-cell junction dynamics in pulmonary endothelial cells under acute inflammatory stress, with a focus on the roles of epigenetic modifications. In addition, it evaluates current therapeutic strategies targeting microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and discusses their translational and clinical limitations. By integrating recent advances in cellular and preclinical research with translational efforts, this review identifies key knowledge gaps and outlines future directions for developing precision therapeutics to preserve microvascular endothelial barrier integrity in acute inflammatory diseases.
