In this work, Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4·NPs) were synthesized via a simple sonochemical reaction by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a surfactant. Structural, morphological and spectroscopic analysis of obtained powder (Co3O4·NPs) was investigated by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nanocrystalline nature of the sample was confirmed by XRD, which exhibits the cubic face-centered normal spinel structure of (Co3O4·NPs) and the space group of Fd-3m with the average crystallite size around 15 nm. FTIR spectrum shows two strong absorption bands of (Co+2–O) and (Co+3–O) which confirm the spinel structure of Co3O4·NPs. Moreover, SEM micrographs showed that the agglomeration of the nanoparticles was reduced by the addition of (PEG) surfactant and UV-Vis was used to study the synthesized material’s optical properties. The Co3O4 band gap ranged around 2.2 and 3.5 eV.
The past decade has witnessed an exodus toward smart and lean manufacturing methods. The trend includes integrating intelligent methods into sustainable manufacturing systems purposely to improve the machining efficiency, reduce waste and also optimize productivity. Manufacturing systems have seen transformations from conventional methods, leaning towards smart manufacturing in line with the industrial revolution 4.0. Since the manufacturing process encompasses a wide range of human development capacity, it is essential to analyze its developmental trends, thereby preparing us for future uncertainties. In this work, we have used a Bibliometric analysis technique to study the developmental trends relating to machining, digital twins and artificial intelligence techniques. The review comprises the current activities in relation to the development to this area. The article comprises a Bibliometric analysis of 464 articles that were acquired from the Web of Science database, with a search period until November 2024. The method of obtaining the data includes retrieval from the database, qualitative analysis and interpreting the data via visual representation. The raw data obtained were redrawn using the origin software, and their visual interpretations were represented using the VOSviewer software (VOSviewer_1.6.19). The results obtained indicate that the number of publications related to the searched keywords has remarkably increased since the year 2018, achieving a record maximum of over 80 articles in 2024. This is indicative of its increasing popularity. The analysis of the articles was conducted based on the author countries, journal types, journal names, institutions, article types, major and micro research areas. The findings from the analysis are meant to provide a bibliometric explanation of the developmental trends in machining systems towards achieving the IR 4.0 goals. Additionally, the results would be helpful to researchers and industrialists that intend to achieve optimum and sustainable machining using digital twin technologies.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is marked by progressive alveolar destruction, impaired tissue regeneration, and relentless fibrogenesis, culminating in respiratory failure and death. A diverse array of resident and non-resident cells within the lung contribute to disease pathogenesis. Notably, immune cells, both resident and recruited, respond to cues from sites of lung injury by undergoing phenotypic transitions and producing a wide range of mediators that influence, initiate, or dictate the function, or dysfunction, of key effector cells in IPF pathology, such as alveolar epithelial cells, lung fibroblasts, and capillary endothelial cells. The role of the immune system in IPF has undergone an interesting evolution, oscillating from initial enthusiasm to skepticism, and now to a renewed focus. This shift reflects both the past failures of immune-targeting therapies for IPF and the unprecedented insights into immune cell heterogeneity provided by emerging technologies. In this article, we review the historical evolution of perspectives on the immune system’s role in IPF pathogenesis and examine the lessons learned from previous therapeutic failures targeting immune responses. We discuss the major immune cell types implicated in IPF progression, highlighting their phenotypic transitions and mechanisms of action. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and propose future directions for research on the immune system in IPF.
The memory updating (MU) process is a core component of working memory (WM). To systematically examine the validity of two commonly used MU tasks as WM measures, the present meta-analysis (76 studies, total N = 16,184) synthesized results on the correlation between the two MU tasks and two criterion tasks (working memory capacity (WMC) and fluid intelligence (Gf)). Results indicated a moderate correlation between running memory (RM) and WMC (r = 0.42, 95% CI = [0.37, 0.48]), a weak correlation between n-back and WMC (r = 0.23, 95% CI = [0.19, 0.28]), and moderate correlations between both RM (r = 0.40, 95% CI = [0.35, 0.46]) and n-back (r = 0.34, 95% CI = [0.32, 0.37]) and Gf. Subgroup analyses showed that memory load moderated the correlation between RM and WMC, and stimulus-onset asynchrony moderated the correlation between n-back and both WMC and Gf. The recollection and recognition nature of RM and n-back contributed to their different correlation with WMC, and the involvement of controlled attention in both tasks accounted for their association with Gf. The present meta-analysis indicated that RM is a more valid WM measure in behavioral studies on individual differences.
The article examines how smartphones and social media are transforming human interactions, challenging traditional concepts of friendship, intimacy, and belonging. Phenomena such as “phubbing” and constant connectivity are explored, highlighting the negative impacts of hyperconnectivity on the quality of face-to-face interactions and emotional well-being. While these technologies expand the reach of connections, they often lead to more superficial relationships, altering family, educational, and professional dynamics. Anthropological analysis is emphasized as essential for understanding these changes, revealing how digital practices vary across different cultural and social contexts. Ethnographic studies and innovative methodologies are suggested to investigate how digital technologies reshape identities, communities, and social hierarchies. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach, combining anthropology, psychology, and data science, is underscored to address the emerging challenges of the digital era and foster more authentic and healthy human relationships.
